Abdul Jabal Rahman

Bagi orang-orang Amerika, Pony Express merupakan sebuah peralatan di barat dahulu kala. Kebanyakan orang Amerika agak terkejut setelah mengetahui bahwa kenyataannya Pony Express ada hanya untuk periode waktu yang pendek, sekitar satu setengah tahun. Pelayanan surat yang “cepat dan terdepan beroperasi diantara St Joseph, Missouri dan Sacramento, California, yang berjarak dibawah 2000 mil surat-surat dan paket-paket kecil dapat dikirimkan di bawah 10 hari berlaku pada 3 sampai 4 minggu bagi yang memiliki pengaruh lebih dahulu kepada lembaga Pony Express.

Pada tahun 1860, St.Joseph merupakan terminal paling barat dari sistem kereta api negara. Pos dipercayai untuk pesisir barat dapat sampai ke St.Joe melalui kereta api, tetapi untuk mencapainya hanya jalur barat yang berada dalam punggung kuda. Pelayanan Pony Express didirikan pada 3 April 1860, untuk mengisi keperluan ini, pengantar surat dalam punggung kuda hanya dengan minimal dibawah waktu untuk pergantian kuda dan penunggang dapat melewati 200 mil dalam sekali 24 jam periode.

Sistem Pony Express terdiri dari sekitar 80 penunggang, 400 kuda, dan 190 stasiun setiap 10 sampai 15 mil di sepanjang rute. Satu penunggang mengambil satu kantong surat dan membawanya untuk 75 mil, menggantikan kudanya yang kelelahan untuk sesekali penyegaran di setiap stasiun, ia lalu memberikan kantong kepada penunggang lainnya. Si penunggang berjalan siang dan malam, dan surat tidak pernah berhenti.

Pada 24 Oktober 1861 hanya satu setengah tahun setelah Pony Express dimulai, telegraf antar benua pertama dibuka untuk bisnis, ditutup untuk keperluan Pony Express. Pony Express resmi ditutup untuk bisnis pada 26 Oktober 1861, dengan jelas pemiliknya sangat cepat untuk mengakui bahwa keperluan akan pelayanan mereka telah dihapus.

Ini adalah praktek yang umum untuk melapisi logam seperti besi dan baja dengan lapisan pelindung dari seng atau paduan terbuat dari seng dicampur dengan aluminium, kadmium,timah atau proses yang dikenal sebagai "galvanisasi". Tujuan dari galvanisasi adalah untuk mencegah korosi dari besi atau baja.

Metode yang paling umum untuk menggembleng logam adalah dip-panas proses galvanizing. Dalam proses ini, besi atau baja dicelupkan ke dalam bak mandi panas dengan paduan seng untuk membentuk lapisan pelindung sekitar 0,003 inci tebal. Metode lainnya untuk melapisi seng yang tidak biasa adalah proses yang dikenal sebagai lapisan seng elektro, dalam proses ini logam ditempatkan dalam larutan yang terdiri dari seng sulfat dan air dan kemudian diisi secara elektrik. Hal ini menyebabkan lapisan tipis dari seng untuk melapisi logam.

Seng efektif dalam logam lapisan seng seperti besi atau baja dimana seng yang bereaksi lebih mudah dengan oksigen dari pada besi. Jika besi tidak dilindungi, besi bereaksi dengan oksigen di udara untuk membentuk oksida besi, atau karat, yang menyebabkan korosi besi. Namun jika, besi sudah dilapisi dengan seng, karena sedang dalam proses galvanisasi, maka itu adalah seng dimana berinteraksi dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida seng, dan besi tidak terkena kerusakan.

Mardi gras, yang berarti "Selasa lemak" di Perancis, telah diperkenalkan ke Amerika oleh penjajah Perancis pada awal abad kedelapan belas. Sejak saat itu telah semakin populer, terutama di New Orleans, dan hari ini adalah hari libur resmi di beberapa Negara bagian selatan. Perayaan Mardi Gras di New Orleans sebenarnya dimulai jauh sebelum hari Mardi Gras. Parade, pesta, bola, dan beberapa festival berlangsung sepanjang minggu sebelum hari Mardi Gras. Wisatawan dari berbagai negara di seluruh dunia berkumpul ke New Orleans untuk merayakan, dimana mereka mengambil bagian dalam kegiatan nonstop seminggu sebelum kembali ke rumah untuk istirahat yang sangat diperlukan.

Ruang musik diterima namanya karena keasliannya dimaksudkan untuk tampil di dalam ruang kecil dalam rumah-rumah pribadi daripada gedung konser besar atau biosko. Hari ini telah dikembangkan menjadi penyetelan musik kecil di mana setiap pelaku dalam penyetelan memainkan bagian tersendiri.

Komposisi yang ditulis untuk jenis pertunjukkan ini dapat dengan mudahnya digolongkan menjadi tiga periode yang berbeda, masing-masing dengan gaya musik dan instrumentalnya. Pada awal periode (1450-1650), biola dan keluarga instrumental lainnya dikembangkan secara dipertimbangkan, dan music instrumental mengambil langkah pertama menuju kedudukan yang sama dengan music vokal. Pada periode kedua (1650-1750), tiga sonata mendominasi. Komposisi penyetelan ini telah sering ditulis untuk dua biola dan satu cello; Piano kuno juga ditampilkan dalam berbagai komposisi di periode ini. Dalam periode modern (setelah 1750), pendominasian ruang musik telah ditulis untuk seperempat senar, sebuah penyetelan yang terdiri dari 2 biola, 1 viola, dan 1 cello.

Bulan purnama yang terjadi paling dekat dengan waktu siang dan malam dari matahari telah dikenal sebagai bulan panen. Itu adalah sebuah bulan yang terang yang memungkinkan para petani untuk bekerja hingga larut malam dalam beberapa malam. Mereka dapat bekerja ketika bulan paling terang untuk membawa hasil panen pada musim gugur. Bulan panen tentu saja terjadi pada waktu yang berbeda dalam setahun di bagian utara dan selatan Hemispheres. Di bagian utara Hemisphere, bulan panen terjadi pada pada September pada saat siang dan malam dari musim gugur. Di bagian selatan Hemisphere, bulan panen terjadi pada Maret pada saat siang dan malam dari musim semi.

EXERCISE 14

I 1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.

C 2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar.

C 3. The living room was decorated with expensive painting and elegance lamps.

C 4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.

I 5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow.

C 6. The car needs new tires but not a new enginee.

C 7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.

I 8. To get to the office, you should go trough this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the hall.

C 9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.

I 10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.

EXERCISE 15

I 1. He either lied or telling an unbelievable story.

C 2. The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked.

I 3. He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.

C 4. The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaningful.

I 5. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house.

I 6. The discussion was both exciting and interest.

C 7. He withdrew all the money not only from the cheking account but also from the savings account.

I 8. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.

I 9. You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4:00.

I 10. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only sky diving but also goes parasailing.

EXERCISE (Skills 14 – 15)

C 1. The advertisements appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.

I 2. She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.

I 3. We can take either my car or yours to the party.

C 4. The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strength.

I 5. He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.

I 6. Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the others.

I 7. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.

I 8. The novel was both emotional and description.

I 9. Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.

I 10.The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the sidewalk.

TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILLS 14 – 15)

B 1. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population than foumtain pens.

A 2. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and phonology form.

B 3. Blood preassure is measured by feeling the pulse and apply a force to the arm.

D 4. The moon has no atmosphere, no air, and no watery.

C 5. The firs matches were too hard to ignite, a mess, or too dangerously easy to ignite.

C 6. A 1971 U.S. government policy not only put warnings on cigarette packs but also banning television advertising of cigarettes.

C 7. Demand, beauty, durability, rare, and perfection of cutting determine the value of gemstone.

D 8. The Harvard Yard, which was Harvard’s original campus, is still a major attraction for boyh students and visiting.

D 9. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the Merrimack, renamed it Virginia, covered it whit iron plates, and an outfit it with ten guns.

D 10. The liquid crystals in a liquid crystal display (LCD) affect the polarized light so that it is either blocked and reflected by the segments of the display.

Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1 – 15)

1. Most cells in multicelled organisms perform specialization fuctions.

2. The big island of Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, was created by five volcanoes.

3. The sun uses up over four million tons of hydrogen per second but it still has enough hydrogen to last for the next billion years.

4. For Katherine L. Bates, who reached the top of Pikes Peak in 1893. the view provided the inspiration for her hymn “America the Beautiful.”

B 5. Coal, petroleum, and natural gascous are all fossil fuels.

C 6. The mass of neutron stars generally range from one-tenth to twice the mass of the sun.

D 7. Grasses grow in ways that help them to survive being nibbled, chilly, or dried.

B 8. Most of Hemingway’s novels glorifies heroic exploits such as bullfighting or boxing.

D 9. Paleographers study ancient and medieval handwriting in order to establish not only its age and also its background.

C 10.The sounds produced by bullfrogs and toads vary greatly because each species have its own particular call.

EXERCISE 16

I 1. We have already hearing the good news.

C 2. She has ridden her bicycle to school every day.

I 3. I have always believe you.

I 4. He has find the missing car keys.

C 5. They have put their money in a savings account.

C 6. Their parents have allowed them to stay up late.

C 7. She has never ran away from home before.

I 8. Have you ever saw a ghost?

C 9. They have taken three tests already this week.

I 10. He has offer me a high-paying job.

EXERCISE 17

I 1. She was study the textbooks all night long.

C 2. The pie was cut into six equal pieces.

I 3. Today the teacher is allow the students to leave class a few minutes early.

I 4. The class is teach every other semester.

C 5. Tom is bringing some drinks to the party.

C 6. The sick child was taken to see a doctor.

I 7. The children are swim in the backyard pool.

C 8. The diamond jewelry is always keep in a safe place.

C 9. The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students.

I 10. Dinner is served from 6:00 to 8:00.

EXERCISE 18

C 1. You should try to respond politely.

I 2. Everyone must leaves the room immediately.

I 3. I could sat on the beach for hours.

I 4. She will asking you many difficult questions.

C 5. You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it.

C 6. He may lies to you because he is not very truthful.

I 7. He knew that he would forgot the phone number.

C 8. The wetherman said that it might snowing tonight.

I 9. Perhaps we could bought a new car this year.

I 10. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.
EXERCISE (Skills 16 – 18)
I 1. We have became good friends in the last year.
C 2. Your name will be list in the new directory.
C 3. The new movie is receive good reviews.
C 4. She must have feel sorry about her bad behavior.
I 5. They have always given their family many presents.
C 6. We may be taking a vacation next week.
C 7. We could have taking a vacation last week.
C 8. The package might had been deliver by an express mail service.
I 9. I have not wrote very many letters to my friends.
C 10. The car should not have be drive anymore yesterday.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16 – 18)

D 1. By the 1920s, many radio transmitters had been build.

C 2. Fish farming has rose in the United States in recent years.

B 3. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains dark minerals and little quartz.

A 4. Cro-Magnon man was names after the caves in southwest France where the first remains were discovered.

D 5. Lassie, the famous collie who made her first screen appearance in 1943, has always be played by a male dog.

A 6. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and will defending females within it against courting males.

A 7. President George Washington was inaugurates on the steps of the Federal Building in New York City.

A 8. By 1627, Plymouth had became a viable and growing community of fifty families, twenty-two goats, fifteen cows, and more than fifty pigs.

B 9. Tobacco was the crop on which the eminence of Williamburg and the prosperity of Virginia were base.

A 10.Because there may be scores of genes in each suspect DNA region, scientists must identifying and sequence the actual genes contributing to type I diabetes.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1 – 18)

1. The Pacific Ocean has the deepest valleys and canyons on the Earth.

2. In the United States, the participation of females in the labor force jumped from 37 percent in 1965 to 51 percent in 1980.

3. Some composers, such as Richard Wagner, have felt that interrupt arias the action of the opera too much and have written operas without them.

A 4. Water stored behind a dam can used to drive turbines.

A 5. Our universe may continue to expand as it gets colder,empty, and deader.

A 6. Every form of matter in the world are made up of atoms.

B 7. The lens and cornea are supply with nutrients and oxygen by the aqueous fluid.

A 8. Dodge City, laid out in 1872, owed both its prosperity and its famous to the buffalo in its early years.

A 9. The amount of the two kinds of cholesterol in the blood have been shown to have an effect on the risk of heart attack.

A 10. By the time Noah Webster reached his mid-twenties, he had already publish an elementary speller.